Counsellor deliberate self-disclosure and therapy seeking behaviours among Kenyan undergraduate students in Kenyan universities

Authors

  • James O. Agutu Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Kenya
  • Peter J.O. Aloka University of Witwatersrand, South Africa
  • Nevert A. Kevogo Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Kenya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.38140/ijspsy.v1i1.613

Keywords:

Deliberate Self-Disclosure, Counsellor, Therapy Seeking Behaviours, Undergraduate Students, Kenyan Universities

Abstract

The study examined the relationship between counsellor-deliberate self-disclosure and therapy-seeking behaviours among undergraduate students in Kenyan universities. The Social Comparison Theory informed this study. The study utilised convergent parallel mixed-methods design. A sample size of 352 students was obtained using stratified random sampling. Deliberate Self-disclosure and Intentions to Seek Therapy Inventories. The internal validity of the constructs in the questionnaires was tested by subjecting the survey data to suitability tests using the Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO Index) and the Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient analysis was used to investigate the internal consistency of the questionnaires. Quantitative data were analysed using inferential statistics in the Pearson Correlation coefficient and simple linear regression analysis, while qualitative data was analysed thematically. The findings indicated a weak but positive correlation between counsellors’ deliberate self-disclosure and Therapy seeking behaviour (r=.140, n=352, p=008) among university students. The study recommends that the university counsellors should be trained on the effective use of self-disclosure as a technique in therapy practice.

References

Ajowi, J. O., & Simatwa, E. M. W. (2010). The role of guidance and counseling in promoting student discipline in secondary schools in Kenya: A case study of Kisumu district. Educational Research and Reviews, 5(5), 263-272. Retrieved from http://www.academicjournals.org/ERR.

American Psychological Association. (APA). (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.12.1060.

American Psychological Association. (APA). (2011). Standards and Criteria for Approval of Sponsors of Continuing Education for Psychologists. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/about/policy/approval-tandards.pdf.

Audet, C. (2011). Client perspectives of therapist self-disclosure: Violating boundaries or removing barriers? Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 24(2), 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2011.589602.

Barnett, J. E. (1998). Should Psychologists self-disclose? Clinical and Ethical Considerations. In L. VandeCreek, S. Knapp & T. Jackson (Eds.), Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book (Vol. 16, pp. 419-428). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.

Barrett, M. S., & Berman, J. S. (2011). Is psychotherapy more effective when therapists disclose information about themselves? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(4), 597-603. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.69.4.597.

Blackburn, K. M. (2011). The effect of client self-disclosure on the physiological arousal of the therapist (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Kentucky, Lexington.

Blackwell, O. M. (2017). The dynamic shift in therapeutic relationships through counsellor self-disclosure with military client: A case study (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Kansas State University, Kansas.

Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 16(3), 252-260. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0085885.

Borg, R. W., Gall, M. D., & Gall, M. D. (2007). Educational Research: An Introduction (8th ed.). New. York & London: Longman.

Burkard, A. W., Knox, S., Groen, M., Perez, M., & Hess, S. A. (2006). European American therapist self-disclosure in cross-cultural counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.15.

Cash, T. F., Begley, P. J., McCown, D. A., & Wiese, B. C. (1978). When counsellors are heard but not seen: Initial impact of physical attractiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22(4), 273-279. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076730.

Creswell, J. D., Taren, A. A., Lindsay, E. K., Greco, C. M., Gianaros, P. J., Fairgrieve, A., ... & Ferris, J. L. (2016). Alterations in resting-state functional connectivity link mindfulness meditation with reduced interleukin-6: A randomized controlled trial. Biological psychiatry, 80(1), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.01.008.

Creswell, J. G. (2014). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (4th Ed.), New Delhi: Pearson Education, Inc.

Creswell, J. W. (2005). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.

Eisenberg, D. (2010). Mental health problems and help-seeking behaviour among college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 3-10. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008.

Gonzalez, J. M., Tinsley, H. E., & Kreuder, K. R. (2002). Effects of psychoeducational interventions on opinions of mental illness, attitudes toward help-seeking, and expectations about psychotherapy in college students. Journal of College Student Development, 43(1), 51-63. http://doi.org/10.4321/S0213-61632011000200005.

Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2000). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning.

Hanson, J. (2005). Should your lips be zipped? How therapist self-disclosure and non-disclosure affects clients. Counseling Psychology Research, 5(2), 96-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441690500226658.

Hatch, T. A. (2008). Professional challenges in school counseling: organizational, institutional and political. Journal of School Counseling, 6(22), 1-31. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ894793.pdf.

Henretty, J. R., Currier, J. M., Berman, J. S., & Levitt, H. M. (2014). The impact of counsellor self-disclosure on clients: A meta-analytic review of experimental and quasi-experimental research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(2), 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036189.

Hill, C. E., & Knox, S. (2003). Therapist self-disclosure: Research-based suggestions for practitioners. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(5), 529-539. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10157.

Hyun, J., Quinn, B., Madon, T., & Lustig, S. (2007). Mental health need, awareness, and use of counseling services among international graduate students. Journal of American College Health, 56(2), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.2.109-118.

Kaufman, K. G. (2007). Alcohol and Spouse abuse: Ethnic Differences. In M. Galanter (Ed.), Recent developments in Alcoholism. New York: Plenum.

Kircanski, K. (2014). Student therapists' use of self-disclosure with clients who have experienced trauma (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Pepperdine University. Los Angeles County, California. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.ufs.ac.za/dissertations-theses/student-therapists-use-self-disclosure-with/docview/1566655090/se-2.

Knox, S., Hess, S. A., Petersen, D. A., & Hill, C. E. (2001). A qualitative analysis of client perceptions of the effects of helpful therapist self-disclosure in long-term therapy. In C. E. Hill (Ed.), Helping skills: The empirical foundation (pp. 369–387). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10412022.

Kronner, H. W. (2013). Use of self-disclosure for the gay male therapist: The impact on gay males in Therapy. Journal of Social Service Research, 39(1), 78-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2012.686732.

Lambe, C. J., Wittmann, C. M., & Spekman, R. E. (2001). Social exchange theory and research on business-to-business relational exchange. Journal of business-to-business marketing, 8(3), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1300/J033v08n03_01.

Mahalik, J. R., Van Omer, E. A., & Simi, N. L. (2000). Ethical issues in using self-disclosure in feminist therapy. In M. M. Brabeck (Ed.), Practicing Feminist Ethics in Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Matthews, B., & Ross, L. (2010). Research methods: A practical guide for the Social Sciences. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

Mertens, D. M. (2009). Transformative Research and Evaluation. New York: Guilford.

Mihai, I. M. (2011). Self-disclosure and parents-children relationships depending on parental styles. International Conference of scientific Paper AFASES, Brasov, 26-28. Retrieved from https://www.afahc.ro/ro/afases/2011/socio/Mihai%20Iulia.pdf.

Nyutu, P. N., & Gysbers, N. C. (2008). Assessing the counselling needs of high school students in Kenya. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 8, 83-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-008-9140-1.

Okech, J. E. A., & Kimemia, M. (2012). Professional counseling in Kenya: History, current status, and future trends. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90(1), 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-6676.2012.00015.x.

Oladele, J. O. (2007). Guidance and Counselling: A Functional Approach, Focus on the 6-3-3-4 Educational System (4th ed.). Lagos, Nigeria: Johns-Lad Publishers Limited.

Onditi, H. Z., Moses, I., & Masatu, F. B. (2014). Psychosocial stressors and help-seeking behavior among undergraduate student teachers in Tanzania. International Journal of Learning and Development, Macrothink Institute, 4(1), 98-114. http://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v4i1.5087.

Oso, W. Y., & Onen, D. (2009). A general guide to writing research proposal and report. Nairobi: Jomo Kenyatta Foundation.

Quillman, T. (2012). Neuroscience and therapist self-disclosure: Deepening right brain to right brain communication between therapist and patient. Clinical Social Work Journal, 40(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-011-0315-8.

Riker, J. R. (1995). The relationship between Mexican American college students’ level of acculturation, attributions for psychological distress and utilization of professional mental health services (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ohio State University, Columbus. Retrieved from http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1335367285.

Setiawan, J. L. (2011). The significance of positive perceptions of counseling in willingness to seek counseling help: An Indonesian study. In F. Deutsch, M. Boehnke, U. Kühnen & K. Boehnke (Eds.), Rendering borders obsolete: Cross-cultural and cultural psychology as an interdisciplinary, multi-method endeavor. Proceedings from the 19th International Congress of the International Association for Cross Cultural Psychology. https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/iaccp_papers/69/.

Smith, J. J. (2010). Therapist Self-Disclosure with Adolescents: A Consensual Qualitative Research Study (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Solomonov, N., & Barber, J. P. (2018). Patients perspectives on political self-disclosure, the therapeutic alliance and the infiltration of politics into therapy room in the Trump era. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 779-787. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22609.

Somers, A. D., Pomerantz, A. M., Meeks, J. T., & Pawlow, L. A. (2014). Should psychotherapists disclose their own psychological problems?. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 14(4), 249-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733145.2013.860996.

Steinberg, S. (2007). An Introduction to Communication Studies. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta & Co, Ltd.

Tata, S. P., & Leong, F. T. L. (2011). Individualism, collectivism, social network orientation, and acculturation as predictors of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among Chinese Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(3), 280-287. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167413.280.

Tung, W. (2011). Acculturative stress and help-seeking behaviours among international students. Home Health Care Management and Practice, 23(5), 383-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/1084822311405454.

Vogel, D. L., & Wester, S. R. (2003). To seek help or not to seek help: The risks of self-disclosure. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(3), 351-361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.3.351.

Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: an introductory Analysis. New York: Harper and Row.

Zur, O. (2007). Boundaries in psychotherapy: Ethical and clinical explorations. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Zur, O. (2008). The Google factor: Therapists self-disclosure in the age of the internet: Discover what your clients can find out about you with the click of the mouse. The Independent Practitioner, 28(2), 82-85. Retrieved from http://www.zurinstitute.com/google_factor.pdf.

Published

2021-02-02

How to Cite

Agutu, J. O. ., Aloka, P. J. ., & Kevogo, N. A. (2021). Counsellor deliberate self-disclosure and therapy seeking behaviours among Kenyan undergraduate students in Kenyan universities. International Journal of Studies in Psychology, 1(1), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.38140/ijspsy.v1i1.613