Career adaptability and emotional intelligence on work engagement among employees: A theoretical approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38140/ijspsy.v3i1.909Keywords:
Career adaptability, Emotional intelligence, Work engagementAbstract
This paper investigates a theoretical approach to career adaptability and emotional intelligence on work engagement among employees in the Education sector. This paper presents a theoretical framework of the career construction theory of career adaptability. It discusses the literature review on career adaptability, emotional intelligence, and employee engagement as conceptual literature. This paper ensures that readers, scholars, and researchers get the values, knowledge, and skills necessary to lead successful lives and contribute to the growth of the education sector in South Africa. It advocates for providing every scholar in school and the classroom with a high-quality education.
References
Aslam, U., Muqadas, F., Imran, M. K., & Rahman, U. U. (2018). Investigating the antecedents of work disengagement in the workplace. Journal of Management Development, 37(2), 149-164. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-06-2017-0210.
Bakker, A. B., & Albrecht, S. (2018). Work engagement: Current trends. Career Development International, 23(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2017-0207.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1108/1362043.
Baroudi, S., & Khapova, S. (2017). The effects of age on job crafting: exploring the motivations and behavior of younger and older employees in job craftin, In R. Benlamri & M. Sparer (Eds.), Leadership, innovation and entrepreneurship as driving forces of the global economy (pp. 485-505). Cham: Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Springer.
Bodrogi, B., Bereczkei, T., & Deak, A. (2020). Be aware, make it clear, and take the lead: Emotion regulation difficulties and emotional intelligence as moderators of cognitive reappraisal. Current Psychology, 41, 6795–6807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01182-5.
Brinberg, M., Ram, N., Hülür, G., Brick, T. R., & Gerstorf, D. (2018). Analyzing dyadic data using grid-sequence analysis: Interdyad differences in intradyad dynamics. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 73(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw160.
Caron, P. (2019). A comparison of the type I error rates of three assessment methods for indirect effects. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 89(8), 1343-1356. https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2019.1577858.
Chen, H., Fang, T., Liu, F., Pang, L., Wen, Y., Chen, S., & Gu, X. (2020). Career adaptability research: A literature review with scientific knowledge mapping in web of science. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165986.
Chukwuorji, J. C., Ifeagwazi, C. M., & Eze, J. E. (2017). Role of event centrality and emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among internally displaced persons. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 30(6), 702-715. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2017.1361936.
Clarke, N., & Mahadi, N. (2017). Differences between follower and dyadic measures of LMX as mediators of emotional intelligence and employee performance, wellbeing, and turnover intention. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(3), 373-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2016.1263185.
Coetzee, M., & Harry, N. (2014). Emotional intelligence as a predictor of employees' career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(1), 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.09.001.
Coetzee, M., Ferreira, N., & Shunmugum, C. (2017). Psychological career resources, career adaptability and work engagement of generational cohorts in the media industry. South African Journal of Human Resource Management, 15, a868. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v15i0.868.
Delaney, M. L., & Royal, M. A. (2017). Breaking engagement apart: The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in engagement strategies. Industrial and Organisational Psychology, 10, 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2017.2.
Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2011). The job demands-resources model: Challenges for future research. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i2.974.
Deshwal, S. (2015). Impact of emotional Intelligence on employee engagement. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(3), 255-256. Retrieved from www.allsubjectjournal.com.
Doden, W., Grote, G., & Rigotti, T. (2018). Does leader–member exchange buffer or intensify detrimental reactions to psychological contract breach? The role of employees' career orientation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 106, 192-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.02.004.
Dykes, A. C., & Winn, G. L. (2019). Identifying toxic leadership and building worker resilience. Professional safety, 64(3), 38-45. Retrieved from https://onepetro.org/PS/article-abstract/64/03/38/33604.
Extremera, N., Mérida-López, S., Sánchez-Álvarez, N., & Quintana-Orts, C. (2018). How does emotional intelligence make one feel better at work? The mediational role of work engagement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(8), 1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091909.
Furnham, A., & Taylor, N. (2020). The relationship between emotional intelligence and occupational personality scales in senior management. Personality and Individual Differences, 154, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109647.
Gawke, J. C. L., Gorgievski, M. J., & Bakker, A. B. (2017). Employee intrapreneurship and work engagement: a latent change score approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 100, 88-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.03.002.
George, O. J., Okon, S. E., & Akaighe, G. (2022). Emotional intelligence and work engagement: a serial mediation model. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 9(2), 193-211. https://doi.org/10.1108/joepp-02-2021-0025.
Gouveia, V. V., de Moura, H. M. D., Oliveira, I. C. V. D., Ribeiro, M. G. C., Rezende, A. T., & Brito, T. R. D. S. (2018). Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ): Evidence of construct validity and internal consistency. Psico-USF, 23(3), 461-471. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712018230306.
Guan, Y., Zhou, W., Ye, L., Jiang, P., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Perceived organizational career management and career adaptability as predictors of success and turnover intention among Chinese employees. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88, 230-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.04.002.
Gupta, R., Bakhshi, A., & Einarsen, S. (2017). Investigating workplace bullying in India: Psychometric properties, validity, and cutoff scores of Negative Acts Questionnaire–Revised. Sage Open, 7(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017715674.
Gutermann, D., Lehmann?Willenbrock, N., Boer, D., Born, M., & Voelpel, S. (2017). How leaders affect followers‘ work engagement and performance: Integrating leader?member exchange and crossover theory. British Journal of Management, 28(2), 299-314. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12214.
Haenggli, M., & Hirschi, A. (2020). Career adaptability and career success in the context of a broader career resources framework. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103414.
Haibo, Y., Xiaoyu, G., Xiaoming, Z., & Zhijin, H. (2018). Career adaptability with or without career identity: how career adaptability leads to organizational success and individual career success?. Journal of Career Assessment, 26(4), 717-731. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072717727454.
Hayes, A. F., Montoya, A. K., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017). The analysis of mechanisms and their contingencies: PROCESS versus structural equation modeling. Australasian Marketing Journal, 25(1), 76-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2017.02.001.
Higginbottom, K. (2018). The price of presenteeism. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/karenhigginbottom/2018/04/20/the-price-of-presenteeism-2/#3b4bf4bc7f9c.
Jain, R., Budlender, J., Zizzamia, R., & Bassier, I. (2020). The labor market and poverty impacts of covid-19 in South Africa. CSAE Working Paper WPS/2020-14. Oxford: Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11090/980.
Jakobsen, J. C., Gluud, C., Wetterslev, J., & Winkel, P. (2017). When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials–a practical guide with flowcharts. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 17(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-017-0442-1.
Jiang, Z., Newman, A., Schwarz, G., & Le, H. (2022). Perceived Red Tape and Precursors of Turnover: the Roles of Work Engagement and Career Adaptability. Journal of Business and Psychology, 38, 437–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-022-09834-y.
Klonek, F. E., Kanse, L., Wee, S., Runneboom, C., & Parker, S. K. (2021). Did the COVID-19 lock-down make us better at working in virtual teams? Small Group Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/10464964211008991.
Knight, C., Patterson, M., Dawson, J., & Brown, J. (2017). Building and sustaining work engagement – a participatory action intervention to increase work engagement in nursing staff. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(5), 634-649. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1336999.
Koh, L. Y., Li, X., Wang, X., & Yuen, K. F. (2022). Key knowledge domains for maritime shipping executives in the digital era: a knowledge-based view approach. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2022.2106841.
Kotze, M. (2018). How job resources and personal resources influence work engagement and burnout. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 9(2), 148-164. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-05-2017-0096.
Kusyadi, Y. (2020). Career adaptability in various theories: review through multicultural perspectives. Journal of Multicultural Studies in Guidance and Counseling, 4(1), 14-27. Retrieved from http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/jomsign.
Lai, J. Y., Chow, C. W., & Loi, R. (2018). The interactive effect of LMX and LMX differentiation on followers‘ job burnout: Evidence from tourism industry in Hong Kong. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(12), 1972-1998. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1216875.
Liyanagamage, N., Glavas, C., & Kodagoda, T. (2019). Exploring mixed emotions and emotion-regulation strategies of students balancing higher education with employment. Journal of Education and Work, 32(1), 21-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2019.1605156.
Mansolf, M., Jorgensen, T., & Enders, C. (2020). A multiple imputation score test for model modification in structural equation models. Psychological Methods, 25(4), 393-411. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/met0000243.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? New York: Basic Books.
McGregor, D. (2017). Affect-and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 28(1), 24-59. https://doi.org/10.5465/256727.
McNeish, D. (2017). Missing data methods for arbitrary missingness with small samples. Journal of Applied Statistics, 44(1), 24-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2016.1158246.
Megias-Robles, A., Gutierrez-Cobo, M. J., Gomez-Leal, R., Cabello, R., Gross, J. J., & Fernandez-Berrocal, P. (2019). Emotionally intelligent people reappraise rather than suppress their emotions. PloS One, 14(8), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220688.
Munshi, J. D., & Haque, S. (2017). Leader-LMX and follower-LMX impact similarly on dyad exchange as measured on LMX-7-scale. International Journal on Leadership, 5(1), 1-11. Retrieved from http://www.publishingindia.com.
Mysirlaki, S., & Paraskeva, F. (2020). Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership in virtual teams: lessons from MMOGs. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(4), 551-566. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-01-2019-0035.
Nagalingam, U. D., Kadir, N. B. Y. A., & Hoesni, S. M. (2019). The mediating role of work engagement in the relationship between emotional intelligence and organisational commitment among higher education institution lecturers. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 18(8), 31-53. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.18.8.3.
Nicholson, J. S., Deboeck, P. R., & Howard, W. (2017). Attrition in developmental psychology: A review of modern missing data reporting and practices. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41(1), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025415618275.
Nozaki, Y. (2018). Cross-cultural comparison of the association between trait emotional intelligence and emotion regulation in European-American and Japanese populations. Personality and Individual Differences, 130, 150-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.013.
Orth, M., & Volmer, J. (2017). Daily within-person effects of job autonomy and work engagement on innovative behaviour: The cross-level moderating role of creative self-efficacy. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(4), 601-612. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1332042.
Osborne, S., & Hammoud, M. S. (2017). Effective employee engagement in the workplace. International Journal of Applied Management and Technology, 16(1), 50-67. https://doi.org/10.5590/IJAMT.2017.16.1.04.
Parmentier, M., Pirsoul, T., & Nils, F. (2019). Examining the impact of emotional intelligence on career adaptability: A two-wave cross-lagged study. Personality and Individual Differences, 151, 109446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.052.
Peng, J., Chen, Y., Xia, Y., & Ran, Y. (2017). Workplace loneliness, leader-member exchange and creativity: The cross-level moderating role of leader compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 510-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.020.
Prapanjaroensin, A., Patrician, P. A., & Vance, D. E. (2017). Conservation of resources theory in nurse burnout and patient safety. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(11), 2558-2565. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13348.
Preece, D. A., Becerra, R., Robinson, K., & Gross, J. J. (2020). The emotion regulation questionnaire: Psychometric properties in general community samples. Journal of Personality Assessment, 102(3), 348-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1564319.
Radstaak, M., & Hennes, A. (2017). Leader-member exchange fosters work engagement: The mediating role of job crafting. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 43(0), a1458. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v43.i0.1458.
Robertson-Smith, G., & Markwick, C. (2009). Employee engagement: A review of current thinking. Brighton: Institute for Employment Studies.
Rothmann, S., & Rothmann Jr, S. (2010). Factors associated with employee engagement in South Africa. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v36i2.925.
Rožman, M., Treven, S., & Cingula, M. (2018). The impact of behavioral symptoms of burnout on work engagement of older employees: The case of Slovenian companies. Naše Gospodarstvo/Our Economy, 64(3), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.2478/ngoe-2018-0013.
Rudolph, C. W., Lavigne, K. N., & Zacher, H. (2017). Career adaptability: A meta-analysis of relationships with measures of adaptivity, adapting responses, and adaptation results. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 17-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.09.002.
Saks, A. M., & Gruman, J. A. (2017). Human resource management practices and employee engagement. In P. Sparrow & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), A research agenda for human resource. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Sapta, I., Muafi, M., & Setini, N. M. (2021). The role of technology, organizational culture, and job satisfaction in improving employee performance during the Covid-19 pandemic. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 8(1), 495-505. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.09.002.
Savickas, M. (2020). Career Construction Theory and Counseling Model. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career Development and Counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 165–200). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Savickas, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. In R. W. Lent & S. D. Brown (Eds.), Career development and counselling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 42-70). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career adapt-abilities scale: Construction, reliability and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 80(3), 661-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness studies, 3, 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326.
Schwandt, B. (2020). Finding your way in quantitative research. Pretoria: Van Schaik.
Senthilnathan, S. (2019). Usefulness of correlation analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal, 11, 9-18. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3416918.
Seo, J. J., Nahrgang, J. D., Carter, M. Z., & Hom, P. W. (2018). Not all differentiation is the same: Examining the moderating effects of leader- member exchange (LMX) configurations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(5), 478-495. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011.
Setia, M. (2016). Methodology series module 3: Cross-sectional studies. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 61(3), 261-264. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.182410.
Sharma, R. R. (2019). Evolving a model of sustainable leadership: An ex-post facto research. Vision, 23(2), 152-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262919840216.
Shukla, S., Mohsin, F., & Singh, V. (2013). Relationship between emotional intelligence and employee engagement: a study of the leading printing press in NCR. Tecnia Journal of Management Studies, 8(1), 43-50. Retrieved from https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net.
Sinval, J., Marques-Pinto, A., Queirós, C., & Marôco, J. (2018). Work engagement among rescue workers: Psychometric properties of the Portuguese UWES. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2229. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02229.
Sulistiani, W., & Handoyo, S. (2018). Career Adaptability: The influence of readiness and adaptation success in the education context: A literature review. 3rd ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities. https://doi.org/10.2991/acpch-17.2018.32.
Tanskanen, J., Mäkelä, L., & Viitala, R. (2019). Linking managerial coaching and leader–member exchange on work engagement and performance. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(4), 1217-1240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-.
Thakkar, J. (2020). Structural equation modelling application for research and practice. Singapore: Springer.
Thoemmes, F., Rosseel, Y., & Textor, J. (2018). Local fit evaluation of structural equation models using graphical criteria. Psychological Methods, 23(1), 1-27. http://doi.org/10.1037/met0000147.
Tladinyane, R., & Van der Merwe, M. (2016). Career adaptability and employee engagement of adults employed in an insurance company: An exploratory study. South African Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(1), 1-9. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC190031.
Zhang, C. Q., Zhang, R., Lu, Y., Liu, H., Kong, S., … & Zhang, H. (2021). Occupational stressors, mental health, and sleep difficulty among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating roles of cognitive fusion and cognitive reappraisal. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 19, 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.12.004.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 Amanda Swartz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of the first publication with work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this in this journal.
