Beyond Access: Ensuring Equity in Digital Placements for Pre-Service Teachers’ Work-Integrated Learning

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.38140/obp5-2026-04

Keywords:

Digital equity, work-integrated learning, teacher education, educational leadership, policy and leadership

Abstract

The incorporation of digital technologies in work-integrated learning (WIL) has become increasingly significant in teacher education, particularly in scenarios where traditional, face-to-face placements are restricted. While technology-mediated placements broaden accessibility and flexibility, they also raise crucial concerns regarding equity, inclusion, and participation for pre-service teachers. Guided by the Digital Equity Framework, this chapter conducts a critical analysis of existing literature to explore how equity can be upheld in digital WIL environments. The framework expands the concept of equity beyond technology access, encompassing aspects of meaningful participation, digital proficiency, and empowerment. Consequently, it offers a valuable perspective for investigating how the digital evolution in teacher education can foster not only connectivity but also agency and inclusion. Leveraging global and local academic work, the chapter examines how structural inequalities, digital discrepancies, and teaching methods influence the experiences of pre-service teachers in virtual placements. The discourse is structured around four interconnected themes: Access and Infrastructure, spotlighting the enduring disparities in connectivity and device provision; Digital Pedagogies and Support, evaluating fair mentoring and instructional design; Socioeconomic and Contextual Barriers, addressing inequalities associated with background and school environment; and Policy and Institutional Responses, delving into leadership, collaborations, and systemic transformation. The chapter asserts that progressing digital equity in WIL necessitates a holistic approach that aligns policy, leadership, and pedagogy to ensure that pre-service teachers are not just digitally connected but also empowered to excel within fair, technology-mediated professional learning settings

Author Biography

  • Buhle Nhlumayo, University of South Africa

    Dr Buhle Stella Nhlumayo is a Senior lecturer in the Department of Educational Foundations at the University of South Africa.

References

Abedi, E. A. (2025). Internet-mediated phone interviews for remote qualitative educational research in the Global South during COVID–19: A researcher's and participants' experiential reflections. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 28(5), 525-540. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2024.2421766

Ajani, O. A., & Govender, S. (2025). Bridging digital gaps in rural teacher education: Curriculum innovations for inclusive and technology-driven pre-service training. Social Sciences, 6(13), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.38159/ehass.20256131

Aleksieva, L. (2025). Preparing pre-service teachers for the digital transformation of education: Exploring university teacher educators' views and practical strategies. Education Sciences, 15(4), 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15040404

Bell, A., Bartimote, K., Dempsey, N., Mercer-Mapstone, L., Moran, G., & Tognolini, J. (2022). Student and educator perspectives on equity and online work-integrated learning. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 38(6), 185-200. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.7524

Bell, A., Bartimote, K., Mercer-Mapstone, L., Moran, G., Tognolini, J., & Dempsey, N. (2021). Exploring the benefits and challenges of online work integrated learning for equity students. National Centre for Student Equity in Higher Education. https://www.ncsehe.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Bell_USyD_EquityOnlineWIL_FINAL.Pdf

Bozalek, V., Ng'ambi, D., & Gachago, D. (2013). Transforming teaching with emerging technologies: Implications for higher education institutions. South African Journal of Higher Education, 27(2), 419-436. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC144269

Brown, J., & Luo, T. (2025). Lived experiences of marginalized pre-service teachers' technology ownership and acquisition of digital skills. Journal of Information Technology Education Research, 24, 17. https://doi.org/10.28945/5519

Calzada, I., & Eizaguirre, I. (2025). Digital inclusion and urban AI: Strategic roadmapping and policy challenges. Discover Cities, 2(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44327-025-00116-9

Cao, H. J., Choi, K., Park, C., & Lee, H. R. (2025). AI literacy for underserved students: Leveraging cultural capital from underserved communities for AI education research. In Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1-15). https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713173

Chan, C. (2020). I know how it feels: How online mentors help pre-service teachers negotiate practicum tensions in the third space. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 28(2), 189-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2020.1749348

Chhabra, P. (2021). Teaching and engaging with technology for equity: Study of pre-service teachers' habitus and meaning-making processes in diverse classroom placements [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Wisconsin-Madison].

Cohen, B., DuBois, S., Lynch, P. A., Swami, N., Noftle, K., & Arensberg, M. B. (2023). Use of an artificial intelligence-driven digital platform for reflective learning to support continuing medical and professional education and opportunities for interprofessional education and equitable access. Education Sciences, 13(8), 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13080760

Council on Higher Education (CHE). (2011). Work-integrated learning: Good practice guide. CHE.

Czerniewicz, L. (2018). Inequality as higher education goes online. In N. Bonderup Dohn, S. Cranmer, J. A. Sime, M. de Laat, & T. Ryberg (Eds.), Networked learning. Research in networked learning (pp. 71-84). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74857-3_6

Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET). (2015). Policy on the minimum requirements for teacher education qualifications. No. 38487 DHET.

Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET). (2020). Strategic plan for post-school education and training. 2020-2025. DHET.

Destiny, E. F., & Lator, C. S. (2024). Inclusive physical education in resource-constrained settings: A systematic review of instructional models, teacher readiness, and policy implementation. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 5(6), 1760-1776. https://doi.org/10.54660/.IJMRGE.2024.5.6.1760-1776

Djatmiko, G. H., Sinaga, O., & Pawirosumarto, S. (2025). Digital transformation and social inclusion in public services: A qualitative analysis of e-government adoption for marginalized communities in sustainable governance. Sustainability, 17(7), 2908. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072908

Dlamini, R. S. (2022). Complex inequalities and inequities in education: Expanding socially just teaching and learning through digitalisation in South Africa. Alternation, 39, 193-213. https://orcid.id/0000-0001-6451-333X

du Plessis, A., & Razmjoee, M. (2025). The promise of a strong beginning and the reality of pre-service teachers' professional experience learning: Understanding the lived experiences of pre-service teachers preparing for teaching. Teachers and Teaching, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2025.2512101

Ersin, P., & Atay, D. (2021). Exploring online mentoring with pre-service teachers in a pandemic and the need to deliver quality education. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 10(2), 203-215. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMCE-11-2020-0077

Faloye, S. T., & Ajayi, N. (2022). Understanding the impact of the digital divide on South African students in higher educational institutions. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 14(7), 1734-1744. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2021.1983118

Gamage, A. (2022). An inclusive multifaceted approach for the development of electronic work-integrated learning (eWIL) curriculum. Studies in Higher Education, 47(7), 1357-1371. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2021.1894116

Gunter, A. (2025). The geography of distance education: Spatial disparities, accessibility, and impact across place. South African Geographical Journal, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2025.2472653

Huang, S. (2025). AI in education: A critical review of applications, bias, and equity challenges. Advances in Engineering Technology Research, 15(1), 1679-1679. https://doi.org/10.56028/aetr.15.1.1679.2025

Jackson, J. K., Starr, J., & Weaver, D. A. (2024). A framework for digital equity. Digital Promise. https://doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/223

James, S. M., Hudson, S. S. M., & Lasczik, A. (2022). Primary preservice teachers' perspectives of their literacy mentoring experience during professional placement. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 11(2), 195-212. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMCE-07-2021-0080

Jan, S., & Mahboob, U. (2022). Online mentoring: Challenges and strategies. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 38(8), 2272. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.8.5804

Kaqinari, T., Makarova, E., Audran, J., Döring, A. K., Göbel, K., & Kern, D. (2022). A latent class analysis of university lecturers' switch to online teaching during the first COVID-19 lockdown: The role of educational technology, self-efficacy, and institutional support. Education Sciences, 12(9), 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12090607

Kormos, E., & Wisdom, K. (2021). Rural schools and the digital divide: Technology in the learning experience. Theory & Practice in Rural Education, 11(1), 25-39. https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2021.v11n1p25-39

Letuma, M.C., & Dlamini, E.M. (2025). School leadership in action: The dynamics of managing preservice teachers' work-integrated learning in South African secondary schools. International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies, 6(4), 88-110. https://doi.org/10.53378/ijemds.353284

Lloyd, N. A., Paull, M., Clerke, T., & Male, S. A. (2019). Access, quality and wellbeing in engineering work integrated learning placements: Implications for equity and diversity. Report submitted to the National Centre for Student Equity in Higher Education (NCSEHE), Curtin University, Perth. http://hdl.handle.net/10453/153479 [Accessed 28 January 2026].

Luckett, K., & Shay, S. (2020). Reframing the curriculum: A transformative approach. Critical Studies in Education, 61(1), 50-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2017.1356341

Lutz, C. (2019). Digital inequalities in the age of artificial intelligence and big data. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.140

Manganello, F., & Aleo, G. (2026). Innovating interprofessional continuing professional development: Applying the community of inquiry framework to digital learning platforms. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 27(1), 48-71. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v27i1.8650

Maphumulo, T. B., & Gcabashe, N. B. (2025). Mentor teachers' perceptions towards pre-service teachers' preparedness to teach mathematics in primary schools in Kwa-Zulu Natal Province, South Africa. International Journal of Work-Integrated Learning, 26(2), 325-337.

Msila, V. (2025). Work integrated learning (WIL): South African universities preparing student teachers for today's poor schools. South African Journal of Higher Education, 39(3), 215-233. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-high_v39_n3_a12

Msimango, W. N. (2025). Empowering pre-service teachers to enhance inclusive education through technology: Digital pedagogy as a catalyst for empowering South African pre-service teachers. In Empowering pre-service teachers to enhance inclusive education through technology (pp. 59-86). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8759-7.ch003

Ndanu, J. M. (2025). Challenges in developing information and communication technology (ICT) curricula for instruction and learning: An analysis of Kibaha District, Tanzania. SCIENCE MUNDI, 5(2), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.51867/scimundi.5.2.6

Nhlumayo, B. S. (2024). Rural primary school principal's leadership strategies for ICT integration. Research in Social Sciences and Technology, 9(1), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.2024.10

Nhlumayo, B., & Mabeleng, M. (2025). Professional development needs for school leaders: A case of Lesotho secondary school principals. Journal of Culture and Values in Education, 8(1), 208-223. https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.2025.12

Nthambeleni, N. B., & Motadi, M. S. (2025). Digital globalisation and educational inequalities: Access, infrastructure, and pedagogy in marginalised regions. International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy, 7(5), 496-509. https://doi.org/10.36096/ijbes.v7i5.1006

Nzuza, S. T. (2025). Preparing pre-service teachers for equitable technology-enhanced learning (TEL) in diverse classroom settings. In Empowering pre-service teachers to enhance inclusive education through technology (pp. 127-154). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-8759-7.ch005

Ros, T. J. (2024). Improving critical digital pedagogy in the virtual classroom. Online Journal for Workforce Education and Development, 12(1), 3.

Rowston, K., Bower, M., & Woodcock, S. (2022). The impact of prior occupations and initial teacher education on post-graduate pre-service teachers' conceptualization and realization of technology integration. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 32(5), 2631-2669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-021-09710-5

Saad, W. Z., Alias, N. A., Chong, C. M., & Sabri, S. (Eds.). (2025). Digital leadership for sustainable higher education. IGI Global.

Salisu, I., Al-Mamary, Y. H., Alfalah, A. A., Abubakar, A. A., Al-Samhi, N. M., Goaill, M. M., Alhaidan, H., & Alshammari, A. F. (2026). Bridging the digital inclusion gap for social sustainability: Digital inclusion and students' sustainable well-being in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 18(2), 813. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020813

Schuster, L., & Glavas, C. (2017). Exploring the dimensions of electronic work-integrated learning (eWIL). Educational Research Review, 21, 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2017.04.001

Sha, T., Xiaoxiao, W., Li, S., & Wenmeng, Z. (2025). Revisiting the urban-rural education divide: Implications from sociocultural theory. Peta International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 4(4), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.59088/pij.v4i4.84

Sharma, D. (2025). Education, technology and the COVID-19 pandemic: Meeting educational goals or drifting away? In COVID-19 and education in India (pp. 124-138). Routledge India. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003461371

Short, M., Halton, C., Morris, B., Rose, J., Whitaker, L., Russ, E., Fitzroy, R., Appleton, C., Adamson, C., & Boyd, B. (2023). Enablers, markers, and aspects of quality innovative placements across distance: Insights from a co-operative inquiry. Social Work Education, 42(8), 1526-1545. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2022.2060959

Siddiqi, M. M. (2024). Future of digital education: Inclusive, immersive, equitable. MediaSpace: DME Media Journal of Communication, 5(01), 8-24. https://doi.org/10.53361/dmejc.v5i01.02

Singh, J., Evans, E., Reed, A., Karch, L., Qualey, K., Singh, L., & Wiersma, H. (2022). Online, hybrid, and face-to-face learning through the eyes of faculty, students, administrators, and instructional designers: Lessons learned and directions for the post-vaccine and post-pandemic/COVID-19 world. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 50(3), 301-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472395211063754

Smith, M. D. (2021). Call in a social context: Reflecting on digital equity, identity, and interaction in the post-COVID age. Quality Assurance in Education, 29(4), 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1108/QAE-10-2020-0122

Thompson, D., & Brewster, S. (2023). Inclusive placement learning for diverse higher education students: Anxiety, uncertainty and opportunity. Educational Review, 75(7), 1406-1424. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2021.2023470

Young, K., Harvey, M., & McKenzie, S. (2024). WIL evaluation: It is both what you know, and who "knows" what, that matters. WIL in Practice, 2(1), 21-37.

Young, K., Semple, A. L., Harvey, M., & McKenzie, S. (2023). Theory and practice of why to evaluate WIL: A context-sensitive approach. Advancing Scholarship and Research in Higher Education, 4(1).

Zabalawi, I., Kordahji, H., & Aftimos, S. (2024). Digital transformation in universities: Strategic framework, implementation tools, and leadership. In A. Badran, E. Baydoun, S. Hillman, & J. Mesmar (Eds.), Higher education in the Arab world. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70779-7_8

Published

2026-06-09