Interdisciplinary Journal of Management Sciences
The IJMS is a scholarly platform dedicated to advancing the understanding and application of management science across various disciplines. This peer-reviewed Journal aims to facilitate the evolution of management science as a dynamic field with practical implications for diverse industries and promote innovative research that combines principles, methodologies, and insights from diverse areas to address complex challenges in the field of management. IJMS invites original research articles, review papers, case studies, and conceptual and theoretical opinions that align with its aim and scope. The Journal is tailored for scholars, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in interdisciplinary approaches to management science, seeking to bridge the gap between theory and practice and contribute to advancing knowledge in the field.
Youth co-operatives participation gap: Limited factors of production, innovative strategies or both? Evidence from Tanzania
Youth engagement in agriculture and co-operative ventures in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains low, despite the sector's potential for economic and community development. This study investigates whether low youth participation is attributable to insufficient factors of production or a lack of innovative strategies, or a combination of both, within coffee-based co-operative supporting organisations in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. A multiple case study design was employed, involving four cases. Data were collected using key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and observations, guided by the principle of descriptive saturation. Thematic analysis was utilised to identify and interpret recurring themes through the review of transcripts, generation of initial codes from transcripts and literature, and visualisation of patterns. Themes were reviewed for commonalities, clearly defined, and labelled. Interpretations and implications were drawn in accordance with the study's theoretical framework and research questions. The findings affirm that limited youth participation in agricultural co-operatives stems from restricted access to land and financial capital, compounded by lack of innovative engagement strategies from supporting organisations. The absence of youth-targeted programmes and comprehensive support structures, including mentorship and entrepreneurship training, was also identified. It is concluded that limited youth participation results from both restricted access to essential factors of production and a lack of innovative strategies tailored to engage and motivate youth. Coffee-based co-operative support organisations should develop collaborative initiatives to facilitate youth access to land and establish specialised training hubs and clubs to provide education, innovations, mentorship, and support within the coffee farming value chain and co-operative practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Luka Njau, George Matto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Job flexibility and career shift intentions among hotel employees: A moderated analysis by employment type and gender
The hospitality industry faces substantial chal¬lenges regarding employee retention. Career shift intentions serve as key predictors of employee turnover. This study examines the influence of job flexibility on career change intentions among hotel employees, while testing gender and employment type as moderating variables. A cross-sectional study (N = 92), analysed using partial least squares struc¬tural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), revealed that job flexi¬bility significantly reduced career shift intentions (β = -0.270, p < 0.05). However, neither gender nor employment type, nor their interactions with flexibility, were found to be sig¬nificant moderators. Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA) indicated that although gender and employment type were rated as highly important factors, their direct ef¬fects were not statistically significant, suggesting that job flexibility, while effective, is secondary to structural employ¬ment factors in career decisions. This indicates that although employees prioritise flexibility, it is subordinated to funda¬mental demographic and contractual factors in career choices. These findings underscore the need to theoretically clarify the role of employment flexibility within retention models. Furthermore, these findings provide manag¬ers with evidence to prioritise gender-sensitive policies and stable employment structures over isolated flexibility initiatives aimed at mitigating talent losses. Future research should investigate additional predictors, such as job security and career advancement, and employ longitudinal designs to enhance model robustness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Thulani Frans Masuku, Dalene Crowther https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of water governance systems and institutions in smallholder farming systems in the Western Cape, South Africa
In light of the growing impacts of climate-related shocks on water availability, such as drought, it is increasingly important to manage water resources efficiently, particularly for smallholder farming systems. The 2015-2018 drought in South Africa highlighted the necessity for effective water management in agriculture. This study assessed the role of water governance systems and institutions in smallholder farming systems in the Western Cape in response to climate-related challenges. Data were gathered from individual interviews with key informants working in water institutions. Additionally, focus group discussions and one-on-one interviews were conducted with smallholder farmers in historical towns within the Overberg and West Coast Districts. The study evaluates the applicability of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Multi-level Governance Framework in diagnosing the challenges of water governance in the smallholder farming sector at the local level. Results indicated inadequate funding, a lack of water management training for smallholder farmers, and insufficient human resource capacity within institutions. Uniquely, the study's findings also highlight the strong link between water governance and land tenure in ensuring water security for smallholder farmers. There is a disconnect between the objectives of water policy and its implementation at the local level. The results will help policymakers understand the challenges faced by water institutions and smallholder farmers. This is expected to assist water institutions in strengthening their roles and responsibilities in water management and to enhance water security for smallholder farmers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kudzai Mugejo, Evans Shoko, Bongani Ncube https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of social media marketing dimensions and customer brand involvement on brand equity in South African banks
The study investigated the impact of social media marketing (SMM) dimensions on brand equity in South African banks. Previous literature has focused on sectors such as the food industry, restaurant industry, and beverage industry; however, few studies have examined the impact of SMM dimensions on brand equity in South African banks, particularly among Gen X and Y cohorts. This study adopted a positivist paradigm, a quantitative approach, and a descriptive design. A purposive sampling method was used to select respondents from four malls within Gauteng Province. The research findings highlight that SMM dimensions, such as perceived risk, electronic word-of-mouth, and entertainment, have a favourable effect on customer brand involvement (CBI). The findings further indicate that CBI positively influences awareness of brand sharing behaviour and customer loyalty. Bank practitioners should consider the study results to effectively engage Gen X and Y cohorts across social media platforms, thereby enhancing brand equity. This research reveals the benefits of SMM activities in enhancing CBI and underscores the importance for brand practitioners at the Big Four Banks to recognise that actively engaging Gen X and Y individuals depends on implementing SMM dimensions that positively enhance CBI and brand equity. Consequently, in cases where banks perceive the level of engagement, especially among Gen X and Y, to be too low, robust measures should be taken in line with these constructs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lawrence Mandhlazi, Rodney Duffett, Aubrey Bakae Mokoena, Chengedzai Mafini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Banking crises and government interventions: Mapping the evolution of response mechanisms and scholarly discourse (1979–2025)
Banking crises have been intrinsic to the development of the global financial system, prompting governments to implement increasingly complex and responsive interventions. Since the U.S. savings and loan crisis of the 1980s, as well as the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic, institutional fragilities have been exposed to successive systemic shocks, leading to policy responses such as bailouts, recapitalisations, Basel regulatory reforms, and digital finance projects. Nevertheless, despite the extensive scholarly work on the subject, no systematic bibliometric reconstruction of the theorisation and criticism of government interventions has been undertaken. This paper addresses that gap by tracing the intellectual trajectory of research on banking crises and interventions from 1979 to 2025. Based on 1,148 Scopus-indexed records narrowed down to 580 high-quality publications, the bibliometric analysis, utilising VOSviewer and Publish or Perish, reveals three phases of evolution of the discourse: Institutionalist stability, macroeconomic crisis management, and digital resilience are essential topics. This research contributes to methodological pluralism and cross-regional integration, which are important avenues for overcoming the conceptual and geographical fragmentation that has persisted in the field.
Copyright (c) 2025 John Akwetey Boafo, Noble Osei-Poku Danzerl, Kwesi Peprah Amoafo-Danquah, Efua Odurah Maclean, Gifty Akuffo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of supply chain management practices towards knowledge acquisition and business performance among SMEs
As competition intensified within the 4 IR era, along with the recent aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, managing supply chains became increasingly complex, thereby escalating the challenges faced by SMEs in acquiring the relevant knowledge necessary for enhancing their competitive advantage. This situation has prompted researchers and practitioners alike to shift their attention from short-term transactional supply chain management practices to adopting knowledge acquisition strategies that improve organisational competitive advantage. A review of the existing literature revealed that limited research on this subject has been conducted within SMEs, thereby warranting a study of this nature. The objective of this study is to examine the role of supply chain management practices in knowledge acquisition, as well as the impact of knowledge acquisition on the business performance of South African SMEs. A non-probability convenience sampling technique was adopted, and data were gathered using a cross-sectional survey with self-administered structured questionnaires among SME owners and managers (n=250) in Gauteng province. The results revealed that four out of the five predictors (with the exception of information sharing) showed significant predictive relationships towards knowledge acquisition in SMEs. Moreover, knowledge acquisition also demonstrated a significant relationship with business performance. These findings have implications for policymakers and researchers in the field of supply chain management, as they highlight the need for SMEs to adopt effective supply chain management practices to strengthen their knowledge acquisition capacity and subsequently improve their business performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bavumile Nolwazi Dlamini, Osayuwamen Omoruyi, Molebaleso Lydia Ntshingila, Bakae Aubrey Mokoena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managerial skills: The design of a feedback questionnaire
Formal management development interventions can be costly, with expenses related to acquiring and admin­istering questionnaires. This impedes the implementation of an effective intervention. This research developed a management skills questionnaire that is fit for evaluating skill levels and changes in these skills over time, and is freely available to researchers and practitioners. Existing manage­ment skills questionnaires are often expensive, lengthy, and complex to administer. There is a need for a simpler and more accessible assessment tool. The questionnaire and ac­companying manual were developed through a systematic review of literature on management, management develop­ment, and workplace feedback. Initial items and guidelines were drafted from the literature and subsequently refined through multiple iterative rounds of expert consultation and peer review, ensuring conceptual clarity, relevance, and practical applicability. A 30-item questionnaire covering 15 separate management skills was designed. The questions ex­hibit high content and face validity, corroborated by special­ists and colleagues. A manual on using the questionnaire for feedback was also developed. Through an elaborate develop­ment process, a short questionnaire was created to comprehensively assess management skills. Addi­tionally, a manual was developed to guide users on administering the questionnaire and providing actionable feedback. This questionnaire offers a practical and accessible means of assessing a broad spectrum of management skills, thereby supporting targeted management development initiatives. By providing managers with structured, actionable feedback, it facilitates meaningful skill enhancement and professional growth. The creation of this free, literature-based instrument, strengthened through expert endorsement, constitutes a notable contribution to the assessment and development of mana­gerial competencies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shelley Cook, Renier Steyn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modelling the root causes of complexity in the South African sawmilling industry
The sawmilling industry in South Africa has faced many obstacles that have severely impacted its competitiveness and sustainability. The complexity of the industry presents challenges for decision-making due to its dynamic nature. It has become more crucial than ever for decision-makers to incorporate expert facts and research into their choices. This study aimed to understand the operating environment of the sawmilling industry and model its complexity. A mixed-methods research approach was employed, involving the gathering of primary data through interviews with personnel in the sawmilling industry, as well as root-cause analysis and system dynamics modelling. Fishbone and causal loop diagrams were used to present and analyse the data. The study generated insights critical for modelling the sector's complexity, enabling an understanding of how the factors influence each other and impact decision-making in the sawmills. The industry has the potential to gain and sustain its competitiveness by focusing on the key factors affecting the complexity of operating a mill and those faced by the industry. Sawmillers can use the findings to examine their processes, identify areas for improvement, and assess potential implications. Other industry stakeholders can also utilise the results to identify ways to enhance the industry's competitiveness and inform the government's industrial policy on sawmilling in South Africa. A limitation of the study was the lack of input from representatives of informal sawmills. Future research will focus on understanding the issues affecting small-scale and informal sawmills to determine how they can be supported in contributing to the industry's sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vhuhwavho Tshavhungwe, Rudolph Oosthuizen, Schalk Grobbelaar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A systematic review of sustainable research capacity building in higher education: Definitions, practices, and challenges
The motivation for this study stemmed from the limited literature addressing SRCB in higher education, which has resulted in poorly implemented practices. A literature search was conducted across four databases: Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, and Google Scholar. In total, 62 studies were included from an initial pool of 7,793 screened articles. To enhance the specificity and relevance of the literature search, the study employed the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) framework to formulate the search strategy and establish eligibility criteria. The reasons for excluding records are documented in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. This review sought to answer the following questions: (a) how sustainability is conceptualised within research capacity building; (b) how institutional practices influence SRCB among novice researchers; and (c) the challenges that threaten its sustainability within higher education institutions (HEIs). The findings indicated that SRCB was not consistently defined across the reviewed articles. Although effective practices were implemented to promote SRCB, various challenges impeded their effectiveness. The implications of the findings highlight the necessity for a clear, sustainability-focused definition of SRCB that acknowledges responsibilities at both the individual and institutional levels and integrates expertise, motivation, and opportunity. SRCB is supported through structured mentorship, enhanced supervision, supportive policies, and equitable research environments. However, current practices often prove unsustainable due to excessive teaching loads, gender inequities, and deficiencies in postgraduate research training. It is the responsibility of all stakeholders within HEIs to cultivate a more sustainable research ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2026 Carlo Emile Daniels, Bernadictus O’Brain Plaatjies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rethinking strategic planning models for the survival of the Anglican diocese of Matabeleland in Zimbabwe
The paper argues that the survival of the church in the 21st century revolves around a strong strategic management model as opposed to only the spiritualisation of matters. The Anglican Diocese of Matabeleland in Zimbabwe has done a lot of programmes that address the spiritual wellbeing of followers, with less effort to address poverty and unemployment engulfing the Matabeleland region. The paper is located in the Strategic Management Theory. Qualitative methods were used as an approach to generate data, where interviews and focus group discussions were employed to collect information from 10 participants. The participants responded to two questions: what are the challenges of strategic planning in the diocese, and how can strategic planning be enhanced in the diocese? The study findings reveal that for a long time, the church has focused primarily on the spiritualisation of issues such as business. In some cases, leadership positions are determined on the basis of one’s spiritual acumen rather than a thorough understanding of the dynamics of business models for sustainability. The paper argues that while spiritualisation should remain the core business of the church, strategic management is indispensable to address congregants’ needs and the challenges of surviving in resource-thwarted communities such as Matabeleland. To this end, this article argues that strategic management should be an integral part of the curriculum for ministers to enable them to run churches as both spiritual and business entities, thus remaining relevant in addressing the totality of humanity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Albert Mvundla Ncube https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transforming higher education at the pinnacle of the knowledge economy: A management perspective from a South African university
South Africa is undergoing a profound economic transformation towards a knowledge-based economy, wherein the generation, dissemination, and application of knowledge serve as central drivers of growth and development. This paper examines a management perspective within a South African university concerning the role of higher education in addressing the imperatives of the knowledge economy. Drawing on a qualitative participatory research design, data was collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews and analysed using narrative analysis. The findings revealed a consensus among Heads of Departments regarding the necessity of aligning higher education with the demands of the knowledge economy to foster innovation, entrepreneurship, and socio-economic development. Heads of Departments acknowledge the need to re-imagine traditional models of teaching, learning, and research to cultivate the skills, competencies, and mindsets required for success in a knowledge-driven society. Moreover, they emphasise the importance of fostering partnerships with industry, government, and civil society to bridge the gap between academia and the broader knowledge economy ecosystem. Overall, the findings of this paper contribute to a deeper understanding of the opportunities and challenges facing higher education institutions in responding to the imperatives of the knowledge economy and offer insights into the strategies that Heads of Departments can employ to position their institutions for success in this dynamic and rapidly evolving landscape.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ntsika Dyantyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Students’ perception of access to academic financing in higher education in North-Central Nigeria
The main objective of this study is to investigate students' views on the various means of academic financing for higher education in Nigeria, with analytical insights into how the respondents' demographics moderate their percep­tions. This study adopted a descriptive research design of the survey type. The population of the study comprised students from three higher institutions in North-Central Nigeria, while the target population consisted of students in at least their third year of study. A multi-staged sampling procedure was employed, incorporating purposive, proportionate, and random sampling techniques. A researcher-designed and validated questionnaire was used to assess the impact of ac­ademic financing on higher education in North-Central Ni­geria. The reliability of the instrument was determined using the test of internal consistency approach, after which it was disseminated via online forms. The data collected and stored electronically in spreadsheets were analysed using descrip­tive and inferential data analysis techniques. Findings re­vealed a moderate perceived impact of academic financing on access, with significant variations based on age and type of institution. The study recommends policy reforms focused on equitable and efficiently managed financial aid schemes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jumoke Iyabode Oladele https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the external drivers of systemic change in mining companies: A case study of South Africa
The mining sector remains integral to South Africa’s economic development; yet, it faces mounting external pressures from regulatory shifts, market volatility, technological disruptions, and escalating sustainability demands. These evolving dynamics compel mining companies to transition from reactive compliance to proactive systemic change. This study explored how external factors drive systemic change within South African mining companies. Anchored in an interpretivist paradigm, the research employed a qualitative approach and a generic design to examine the participants’ perspectives. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with twelve purposefully selected participants, including senior executives, policy analysts, industry consultants, and regulatory officials. The data were analysed using thematic analysis to identify key external drivers of systemic change in the mining industry. The findings reveal that systemic change in mining companies is primarily driven by a range of external factors, including regulatory and policy frameworks, market and economic pressures, and technological disruptions. Other factors include stakeholder engagement and community activism, global sustainability trends, social and demographic shifts, strategic collaborations and partnerships, as well as investments in research and development. The study recommends strengthening governance compliance mechanisms, embedding environmental, social, and governance considerations and innovation into core strategies, institutionalising stakeholder engagement frameworks, and promoting inclusive leadership. It concludes that systemic change in the mining sector is no longer optional but essential for long-term resilience, social legitimacy, and competitiveness in a global green economy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Peter Babajide Oloba, Runash Ramhurry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gender, field of study, and interpersonal deviance behaviour among South African University students: The Moderating role of study year
Leaders of universities worldwide are concerned about the high prevalence of interpersonal deviant behaviour among students. This research examined how gender and field of study relate to such behaviour, and whether these relationships are moderated by the level of study among students at a South African university. A quantitative approach was employed, utilising a multi-staged sampling procedure that incorporated both purposive and random sampling techniques. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 213 university students. Structural Equation Modelling through Smart PLS 4.0 assessed both direct and moderation effects. Results show that gender had no significant association with interpersonal deviant behaviour, while the field of study exhibited a significant negative relationship with it. The level of study moderated the relationship between field of study and interpersonal deviant behaviour, with junior students demonstrating a stronger reduction in deviant behaviour compared to their senior counterparts. By highlighting the limited contextual applicability of some classical theories, this study contributes to the literature on student deviant behaviour, particularly within institutions of higher learning. The study recommends policy reforms focused on ethics education for all students, regardless of gender, as well as targeted personal development initiatives for students rather than generic approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Crispen Chipunza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The influence of workplace injury occurrences on productivity. A housekeeping manager’s perspective
This article aimed to investigate the influence of workplace injury occurrence on the productivity of housekeepers in graded hotels operating in the Free State province of South Africa. Drawing from an interpretive philosophical outlook, the study employed a qualitative research approach. To gather data that would address the research questions, the study utilised semi-structured interviews with a non-probability, purposefully selected sample of 13 housekeeping managers from graded hotels in the Free State province. The collected data was thematically analysed, which enabled the formulation of two themes and a sub-theme. The findings, as narrated by the respondents, indicated how injuries hindered housekeepers from performing their duties, leading to absenteeism, increased workload for the remaining staff, and fear of injury. These factors ultimately affect productivity, thereby compromising the establishments' ability to provide customer satisfaction, viability, profitability, and sustainability. Additionally, the findings highlighted that the fear employees experience due to injury occurrences often creates an anxious workforce, prompting them to seek alternative employment opportunities. This results in higher staff turnover, diminished experience within housekeeping, increased human resource costs, and negatively affects productivity while compromising the level of service offered to guests. In conclusion, the study recommends that proactive risk mitigation strategies, the institutionalisation of comprehensive health and safety protocols, investment in ergonomic tools and training, and the cultivation of an empathetic and responsive organisational culture be made imperative for the wellbeing of housekeeping personnel.
Copyright (c) 2025 Keleabetswe Keletso Zitho, Tshepiso Jonathan Setokoe, Dalene Crowther https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable banking and ESG integration: A systematic review of green finance practices in global banking systems
This study critically examines the historical evolution, scholarly development, and empirical integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles within global banking practices over 92 years (1933–2025), with a specific focus on advancing sustainable banking practices in emerging markets. The study explicitly analyses ESG practices in the banking sectors of emerging markets. A systematic review methodology and analysis of 1,104 publications guided the research in documenting the evolution of economic stabilisation models into structured ESG-based financial systems. The study highlights a significant shift in 2016, which led to the emergence of rapidly growing publications alongside the introduction of ESG regulations, such as the SFDR and green credit requirements in the EU and China, as well as new developments in digital financial practices for ESG implementation. Despite this progress, the study identifies notable geographic and methodological gaps, particularly the underrepresentation of Africa, Latin America, and certain parts of Southeast Asia, as well as the scarcity of studies employing causal inference methods. Recommendations include fostering multi-country, longitudinal research, prioritising digital ESG innovations in underserved markets, and designing actionable, context-specific ESG frameworks to support equitable and scalable financial sustainability globally.
Copyright (c) 2025 John Akwetey Boafo, Efua Odurah Mclean, Noble Osei Poku Danzerl, Kwesi Amoafo-Danquah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Consumption of sustainable renewable energy by Generation Z from a utilitarian perspective
Sustainable energy products are pivotal for the well-being of consumers, especially in emerging economies like South Africa. The country has experienced unprece­dented load-shedding due to insufficient electricity supply from the national grid. As a result, consumers have resorted to alternative, sustainable, renewable energy sources, partic­ularly solar energy. However, the factors influencing the adoption of solar energy products, especially among young consumers, remain under-researched, with limited empirical studies exploring their motivations for solar energy usage. This study investigated the influence of utilitarian value on Gen Z consumers’ household solar energy usage. Using a conceptual model that integrated the Experiential Value The­ory (EV) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the study examined the role of customer return on investment and service excellence in shaping green attitudes towards so­lar product use. The model was tested using survey data from 521 young consumers aged 21 to 27. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to test the proposed hypotheses using SmartPLS Version 4. The findings confirm that the variables under study have signifi­cant direct and mediated effects. It was revealed that cus­tomer return on investment and service excellence both predict green attitudes, which, along with subjective norms and perceived behavioural control, influence intention. Conversely, the moderation results indicate that gender does not moderate the proposed relationships. The study recommends that campaigns aimed at increasing Gen Z’s usage of solar products should emphasise experiential value, particularly service excellence and customer return on investment benefits, to develop positive green attitudes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tatenda Tawandaa Chabata, Belinda Chiedza Senooane https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Deciphering microaggressions: Advancing a theoretical framework for scholarly inquiry
Microaggressions (MA) are said to be a subtle everyday form of discrimination where, in some cases, the perpetrators are not even aware that they are acting in a discriminatory manner. There seems to be interest from scholars regarding MA, with several authors attempting to understand the underlying theory that explains MA behaviour. The main objective of this study was to critically review and systematically organise the literature that sought to explain the theoretical underpinning of MA. This was necessary for structuring future studies so that they would contribute to the existing body of knowledge. A comprehensive systematic literature review was utilised to screen, select, and organise the literature written on the theories behind MA from 2014 to 2024. The aim was to identify and rank the theories regarding MA. The findings indicated that most articles referred to critical race theory, followed by social identity theory and social domain theory when explaining the existence of MAs. Most theories focused on explaining racial MAs. Based on the findings of this research, the most valuable contribution to the body of knowledge could be made by adding to critical race theory. However, as explaining MA was not solely race-related, a collective view that includes social identity theory and social domain theory could provide a theoretical framework for future empirical research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sean McCallaghan, Renier Steyn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring neuromarketing strategies towards boosting consumer engagement with rural agricultural products: A systematic review
Rural agricultural products play a crucial role in local economies and cultural heritage; however, they encoun­ter significant market challenges, such as limited consumer trust, weak branding, and inadequate marketing resources. Neuromarketing, which involves the application of neurosci­ence tools such as eye-tracking, electroencephalogram (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and func­tional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), provides a novel approach to understanding consumers' unconscious re­sponses to marketing stimuli. This systematic review synthe­sises the literature on neuromarketing strategies designed to enhance consumer engagement with rural agricultural prod­ucts. Multiple searches were conducted across various aca­demic databases (e.g., Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Pub­Med, PsycINFO, JSTOR, AGRIS) using targeted keywords (e.g., "consumer neuroscience," "rural agricultural products," "sensory marketing"), focusing on peer-reviewed English studies published from 2018 onwards. From an initial pool of 236 articles, screening and eligibility checks yielded 14 highly relevant studies. Key themes that emerged include the influ­ence of emotional and cognitive stimuli, packaging design, narrative storytelling, labelling, pricing, and ethical cues on consumer behaviour. For instance, appealing emotional narratives and authentic cultural storytelling consistently enhance recall and brand loyalty. Clear, trust-building labels (e.g., "organic," "antibiotic-free") engage decision-making regions of the brain, serving as cognitive shortcuts that strengthen per­ceived value. Additionally, visual design elements such as prominent eco-labels and origin indicators capture attention and convey quality. Despite their value, existing studies face key limitations such as small, non-representative samples and artificial settings. However, applying neuroscience insights can help rural producers enhance packaging, branding, and storytelling to build consumer trust and pro­mote sustainable economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Olaitan Ayotunde Shemfe, Ifeanyi Mbukanma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of entrepreneurial orientation and self-efficacy on students’ intentions to pursue technopreneurship
Technopreneurship has the potential to address unemployment and economic development challenges in South Africa. However, the level of technopreneurial activity among students considered to be technological natives remains low compared to the average in the developed world. This study investigates the influence of entrepreneurial orientation and self-efficacy on students' intention to pursue technopreneurship. Qualitative research was conducted using a correlational research design. A sample of 133 students was selected, and data were collected through online questionnaires using purposive sampling. SPSS version 24 was employed to analyse the data. The study revealed that entrepreneurial orientation, through its five dimensions—innovativeness, risk-taking, autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, and proactiveness—positively influences students' intention to pursue technopreneurship. It also demonstrated that self-efficacy positively impacts students' intentions. Both entrepreneurial orientation and self-efficacy significantly and positively influence students' intention to pursue technopreneurship. Universities should implement programmes aimed at enhancing entrepreneurial orientation and self-efficacy to promote technopreneurship among students. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in South Africa by determining the effects of entrepreneurial orientation and self-efficacy on students' intention to pursue technopreneurship. Additionally, it provides recommendations for policymakers on how to support students intending to pursue technopreneurship through intervention programmes, such as providing mentorship and funding. This research adds to the understanding of how different population groups are motivated to pursue entrepreneurship, with a specific focus on technopreneurship.
Copyright (c) 2025 Justice Ngonidzashe Muchineripi, Olwin Kankuni, Tendai Chimucheka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tourism collaborative governance: The views of tourism small and medium-sized enterprises in rural areas
It is recognised that collaborative governance of­fers better solutions to problems than those fashioned exclu­sively by government agencies. Collaborative governance in­volves several relevant parties, particularly in the travel and tourism sector. The integrative processes of collaborative governance in the tourism industry provide a direct face-to-face alternative, leading to thorough and comprehensive stra­tegic planning. Recent tourism governance research has ex­plored the role of multiple actors in governing destinations but has not comprehensively investigated the role that tour­ism small and medium-sized enterprises play as important stakeholders at rural tourism destinations. Since tourism small and medium-sized enterprises are critical players in tourism collaborative governance, there is a need for an eval­uation of the role they play in this context. This study ex­plores the opinions of tourism small and medium-sized en­terprises regarding collaborative governance at rural tourism destinations. The study adopted a qualitative research ap­proach and employed a purposive sampling method, a non-probability sampling technique to select participants. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The results of the investigation indicate that tour­ism small and medium-sized enterprises recognise the need for their participation in tourism collabo­rative governance, the necessity of knowledgeable conveners, the importance of equal voices during stakeholder meetings, and mutual trust among stakeholders as essential components of effective col­laborative governance. The study recommends active and equitable community participation, build­ing mutual trust among stakeholders, and promoting effective collaboration between all parties in­volved in tourism collaborative governance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Takalani Ramukumba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Challenges of 4IR implementation in post offices in developing countries: A case study of South Africa
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) presents an unprecedented opportunity for post offices in developing countries to modernise and enhance their services, addressing the evolving demands of a digital economy. However, implementing 4IR technologies in this sector is fraught with challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, corruption, inclusion bias, disparities in employee skillsets, and financial constraints. This study investigates these challenges, focusing on the South African context, to provide actionable insights and recommendations for effective 4IR adoption. The research adopts a qualitative design, utilising semi-structured interviews with 25 purposively selected participants across five socioeconomic classes in South Africa. This approach ensured the inclusion of diverse perspectives on the risks and barriers associated with 4IR implementation. Data were analysed using thematic analysis to identify key challenges and potential strategies to address them. The findings reveal significant hurdles, including corruption in financial management, insufficient infrastructure to support digital technologies, exclusion of underserved populations, skillset gaps among employees, and limited financial resources. These challenges highlight systemic and structural barriers that hinder the post office's ability to transition into a fully digitalised environment. To address these issues, the study recommends measures such as establishing stringent financial oversight mechanisms, investing in infrastructure upgrades, bridging skillset gaps through training and mentorship programmes, adopting inclusive service models, and fostering equity through community engagement. A strategic and collaborative approach to 4IR implementation can help post offices in developing countries overcome challenges, modernise operations, enhance service delivery, and drive digital transformation and national development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Peter Babajide Oloba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Through the eyes of students and staff: The psychosocial drivers of violence in selected South African universities
Globally, universities have traditionally been viewed as sanctuaries of peace, devoid of violence. However, the increase in campus-related violence in South Africa has dispelled this assumption. Recently, there has been a rise in the incidence of murders, violent protests, and self-directed violence at several universities in South Africa, raising alarm among stakeholders in university education. Against this background and underpinned by Sameroff’s Transactional Model of Development, this study set out to explore the psychosocial drivers of violence at three South African universities from the perspectives of students and staff. To achieve this, the study employed a qualitative approach and a multiple case-study design, selecting participants through convenience sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured online interviews with students and lecturers at the three universities. The findings revealed a range of factors, including substance abuse, mental health issues, upbringing and background, and peer influences, as the principal psychosocial factors driving violence at the universities. The study, therefore, concluded that although violence is a complexly interwoven phenomenon, if universities are to reclaim their reputations as peaceful societies, there is an urgent need for all stakeholders in higher education to collaborate and address violence from diverse perspectives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bonginkosi Hardy Mutongoza, Eleanor Alvira Hendricks https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategies to enhance democratic management practices in university classrooms
Although democratic education is widely supported in theory, many instructors find its practical implementation in university classrooms unclear. This lack of clarity undermines the experience of pre-service teachers. The objective of this study is to explore strategies that can improve the practice of democratic classroom management and consequently reshape classroom management in schools. The study employs Participative Management Theory as a framework and is carried out within a transformative paradigm and participatory design. Semi-structured interviews are used to gather data from 15 participants, comprising 10 student teachers and 5 instructors from a selected university in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Thematic analysis is employed to analyse the data. The study identifies four primary strategies for enhancing democratic classroom management: involving students in decision-making, promoting collaborative learning, fostering critical thinking and reflection, and creating inclusive and safe environments. The study proposes the "Democratic Classroom Engagement Model" as a framework to empower students, encourage teamwork, challenge assumptions, and ensure that every student feels valued. This collective effort aims to foster a democratic and engaging learning atmosphere.
Copyright (c) 2025 Taiwo Christianah Omodan, Bunmi Isaiah Omodan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of feedback in the development of managers
The landscape in which modern organisations operate is rapidly changing and requires managerial agility. This necessitates a frequent review of how managers are developed. The aim of this article is to examine the role of workplace feedback in employee development. This will be achieved by developing a contemporary and comprehensive definition of feedback and specifying the elements of feedback that are associated with managerial development. Employing a qualitative, non-systematic literature review approach, journal articles and textbooks published after 2015, with feedback as their primary theme, were systematically selected and analysed for their content as well as the seminal works they referred to. The analysed literature suggests that feedback forms part of a dynamic communication and learning process. Development-driven feedback is information presented to recipients regarding their behaviour and/or performance in executing work tasks, as assessed by supervisors, subordinates, peers, coworkers, or the recipients themselves, with the intent to enhance work relationships and job performance. The elements central to structuring feedback were identified as purpose, content, source, frequency, timing, and delivery. These elements are customised to meet workplace performance requirements, also taking individual skill sets and personalised needs into account. A broad base of academic literature was captured and integrated to reach a comprehensive understanding of feedback as a development intervention. It was concluded that, although complex, literature on feedback can be consolidated to present both an inclusive definition of the concept and the elements associated with it.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shelley Cook, Renier Steyn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Amid and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic: Internet costs for remote work by university lecturers in Tanzania—who does the cap fit?
The global COVID-19 pandemic has greatly dis­rupted education worldwide, including in Sub-Saharan Af­rica, which was caught off guard. Remote work has become a viable option for maintaining social distancing, even after the pandemic. However, there is limited evidence on who should bear the cost of internet access for remote work. This paper focuses on three research questions: how lecturers perceive remote work, how internet costs hinder remote working, and who should be responsible for covering the cost of internet access. Using a phenomenological approach, the study involved three key informants and sixteen lectur­ers from four public universities. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and analysed thematically. The results revealed that university lecturers view remote work as important for professional growth. However, the high cost of internet access deters remote working as lecturers struggle to afford data bundles for their work responsibili­ties. Also, it was found that employers should bear the costs of Internet for remote working because it enhances efficiency and job satisfaction. Uni­versities should also revise their policies to provide financial support for lecturers who work remotely, including setting a minimum internet cost per week for all scholars working remotely.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bikolimana Giliadi Muhihi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growing improved crops and social justice: A contextualisation of ubuntu principles for smallholder farmers
Improved crops are being promoted in many de­veloping countries to increase food production and realise economic benefits associated with them. The changes in farm­ing being introduced are affecting the social values in food production. The paper examines how the new crops affect the Ubuntu values important for the realisation of social justice of smallholder farmers. The study used mixed methods case study utilising a questionnaire, focus group discussion, and in-depth interviews. Three themes were the main focus with regard to Ubuntu as an analytic lens for social justice concerns of smallholder farmers: access to land, crops, labour and gar­dening, and food access and distribution. The findings show that Ubuntu values are being stifled with the commoditisation of farming processes and systems. At the same time, individ­ualism associated with growing improved crops is threaten­ing food access and distribution, as Ubuntu values of interde­pendence, solidarity, unity, compassion, empathy, and to­getherness no longer influence processes in food systems. The results suggest the need for the incorporation and recognition of the values of Ubuntu/Obuntu Bulamu in promoting im­proved crops. This will contribute to addressing smallholder farmers' social justice concerns.
Copyright (c) 2024 Paulous Serugo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Challenges of multipurpose cooperatives in the marketing of agricultural products in the southwest part of Ethiopia
Agricultural cooperatives, particularly multipurpose cooperatives, are considered a valuable means of improving the livelihoods of small-scale farmers in developing countries. By collaborating with farmers, they can increase their collective bargaining power, negotiate better prices for their crops, and boost their incomes. However, despite their significant contributions, multipurpose cooperatives face challenges that can hinder their ability to play a significant role in agricultural product marketing. This study aimed to analyse the challenges of multipurpose cooperatives in the marketing of agricultural products in the southwest part of Ethiopia. A two-stage sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 196 members from four multipurpose cooperatives. A mixed research design, which combines both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods, was used. Quantitative data was collected through a structured questionnaire from primary sources, while qualitative data was collected through focus groups and key informant interviews. Descriptive statistics such as mean, chi-square, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage were used to analyse the data. The study revealed that the multipurpose cooperatives in the study area faced several internal and external constraints. The key internal challenges were a lack of capital, an unskilled workforce, and low commitment from committee members. On the other hand, the major external bottlenecks included inadequate and inconsistent technical assistance, deficiency in knowledge and skills, and inadequate documentation and information in the marketing of the multipurpose cooperatives. The study suggests that the government and other non-governmental organisations should provide financial and technical support to encourage cooperatives.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rusha Begna Wakweya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transformative approaches to managing student unrest in a South African university
Higher education and training institutions in South Africa have experienced widespread student unrest and crises in recent years, particularly within universities. This issue has been attributed to strained relationships between students and university management. Therefore, it is imperative to address the conflict gap between students and management in order to promote peaceful university operations. This study employed qualitative research, utilising decoloniality theory and a transformative paradigm lens within a qualitative research approach and participatory research design. Data was collected through focus group discussions (FGDs), with participants selected using a homogeneous sampling technique. For this study, three management employees, three students (SRC members), three lecturers, and three security officers from the chosen university were selected as participants using the homogeneous sampling technique. Data analysis was conducted using Braun and Clarke's six-step thematic analysis. One of the key findings is that the lack of a proper structure to manage unrest and the failure to involve students in decision-making pose significant challenges in the management of student unrest. The potential solutions to these challenges include the establishment of appropriate structures, the involvement of stakeholders in decision-making processes, and the development of common ground among stakeholders. These solutions could effectively address the issue at hand. Furthermore, a major recommendation is to engage society in order to address student unrest comprehensively. The study concludes that applying principles of openness and integrity is crucial in building and maintaining trust among stakeholders, as trust has been identified as a significant factor in bridging the gap between them.
Copyright (c) 2024 Unathi Mvuyisi Gwama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Human resource development practices and job performance of academic staff of Bishop Stuart University
This study examined human resource development practices and their impact on academic staff performance. Specifically, it investigated whether training, promotion, job enrichment and organisational policies significantly influence the job performance of academic staff. The study surveyed 158 academic staff members at Bishop Stuart University in Uganda using a quantitative approach and a correlational research design. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings revealed that job enrichment and organisational policies had a positive and significant impact on academic staff performance. In contrast, training had a negative but significant influence on academic staff performance, and promotion had a positive but insignificant influence on the job performance of academic staff. The study concluded that effective human resource practices, specifically job enrichment and organisational policies, play a crucial role in enhancing academic staff performance. However, limited training opportunities hindered the performance of academic staff. Furthermore, unsatisfactory promotion practices minimally contribute to the job performance of academic staff. The study recommended that university managers implement human resource development practices, namely job enrichment, organisational policies, training, and promotion, to promote job performance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Judith Arinaitwe, Adrian Mwesigye, Basil Tibanyendera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0